THE TROPICAL MEDICINE NOMENCLATURE FOR COVID-19 Remigius Okea, MD MPH FAAFP FAAPCR Research Director American Academy of Primary Care Research Introduction The Wuhan Respiratory Coronavirus Pandemic (WuRCoP), aka COVID-19 is changing the way we look at diseases, blunting along its paths the geographical partitioning of diseases as either tropical or non-tropical. The world has seen these signs coming with the SARS-CoV epidemic of 2002 – 20031,2,3 that also was unbound by geography and in 2012 with the MERS-CoV 4,35,36 epidemic we learnt, again, that tropical-like diseases can exist and even originate from any part of the world and behave in the same in any human population. In 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) ravaged West African, first of such outbreak in that part of Africa since our recollection of human history. That Ebola epidemic showed a clear demonstration that geographical quarantine of disease is no longer a dependable option for the world to control potential pandemics. Ebola spread to West Africa and the rest of the world unexpectedly in 2014 to 2015 5,6,7 and never before then spread this wide. A world currently intertwined by tight webs around all countries, defied of geography and with humans acting as quantum matter, moving all over that web, these emerging diseases are redefining what we call tropical disease. There is no bound anymore. Humans cannot separate from one another in the virus world, these viral nano particles as self-replicating machines do not tell the difference between people, between places and between geography. Coronavirus cannot tell the difference between race and ethnicity, between rich and poor, and between young and old. This then brings me to the subject matter of this paper, Tropical Medicine. Experience gathered studying tropical diseases is become a veritable tool that we can implore in the fight against pandemics caused by viral machines such as WuCoP aka COVID-19. The Tropical Medicine Approach to Disease Nomenclature In tropical medicine we name diseases to reflect their origin, their mode of transmission, their causative agents, and their geographical reach. This approach on nomenclature in tropical medicine ultimately describes the full impact of a disease on the human individual, the human society, and at the same time uncover mode of transmission and by extension the methods of prevention of the disease. In the case of SARS-CoV1,2,3 its name describes the presentation of the disease, its’ mode of transmission. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) 4 on the other hand describes the origin of the disease, its respiratory nature, and the nature of the causative agent (Coronavirus). The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 to 1920 8,9,11 was correctly named reflecting the epicenter of the disease at the time, the causative agent and mode of transmission, and tells the geographical spread of the disease, a pandemic. Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 11 was also rightfully named reflecting the origin, the clinical presentation and the geographical spread of the disease at the time. Other examples of disease nomenclature in tropical medicine, in recent times, reflecting the origin or place of discovery includes Lassa fever, was named after a village in Northern Nigeria called Lassa;15,16 West Nile Virus (1937), was named after the West Nile River area in Uganda;17 Coxsackievirus (1948), was named after the town of Coxsackie in New York;18,19 Marburg Virus (1967), was named after the town of Marburg in Germany; 20,21 Hendra Virus (1994), was named after the town of Hendra near Brisbane in Australia.22,23 Ebola virus was named after Ebola River, a river near the town of Yambuku there the virus was initially identified.24,25 Ross River virus was named after the Ross River in Northern Queensland in Australia,26 just like Machupo virus (the Bolivian hemorrhagic fever or "black typhus") was named after a Bolivian river, Machupo.27 Zika virus was named after the Ziika forest in Uganda in 1947.28,29,30 In contrast with these pattern of nomenclature in tropical medicine, the current pandemic has lacked appropriate naming and thus the world has lost appreciation of its origin, its mode of transmission, its causative agent(s) and the magnitude of its geographic penetrance in human population. Thus to reflect all these domain expressions of this virus, we shall henceforth name it as the Wuhan Respiratory Coronavirus Pandemic (WuCoP or WuRCoP), aka COVID-19. In the next paragraphs we shall focus on this tropical medicine nomenclature for this pandemic and review existing data that supports each aspect of the name. The Wuhan Origin In November 17th 2019, a 55 ye ar old individual from Hubei province of China accounts for the earliest known case of the Wuhan Respiratory Coronavirus Pandemic (WuCoP).13 Wuhan is in Hubei province of China. Some Chinese doctors at Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan China began to diagnose and treat several earlier cases of WuCoP by Dec 1st 2019.14 From Wuhan China cases spread to the rest of the world.12 On 20 January 2020, National Focal Point (NFP) for Republic of Korea reported the first case of novel coronavirus in the Republic of Korea to WHO.12 Also by this date China had 278 cases, Thailand 2 cases, Japan 1 case, and Republic of Korea 1 case was reported, however according to WHO the cases from Thailand, Japan, and Korea were all traced back Wuhan China.12 Therefore Wuhan will stand as the origin of the virus.8,10,11,12,13 From epidemiological point of view we need to study the environmental conditions and specie interaction in Wuhan that enabled this virus to spillover to human population. This understanding is necessary to prevent the next pandemic coming out of China. The Respiratory Symptoms and Mode of Transmission Patients with WuRCoP may present with fever, cough and fatigue, shortness of breath, chest tightness and respiratory failure.31  The symptoms can range from mild disease to acute severe cardiorespiratory failure within 2 to 14 days of exposure to the virus. Sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of taste and loss of smell may also be presentations of the disease.32 Some have also called the Coronavirus a great imitator of symptoms.32 The WuRCoP has found a way to infect humans efficiently making its transmission at times innocuous. First the virus has found a way to infect people even before its initial victims become symptomatic, second it found a way to survive on surfaces hiding as a contagion that finds victims that touch such surfaces, and thirdly studies are still ongoing on aerosolized viral particles to understand the physical factors driving its infective mechanisms. At this time it is clear that respiratory inoculation and viral implantation by touching the mucus membranes of the eyes, the nose and the mouth might be other ways the virus gets into the body.32 Preventive methods therefore have dwelt on disinfection of surfaces, hand washing, sanitizing and hygiene, personal protective wears and covers, and social distancing. These measures though necessary may be insufficient, however, to fight off this pandemic. More need to be done. The Coronavirus Origin The WuRCoP becomes the 3rd Betacoronavirus identified to cause severe disease in humans. The other 2 are SARS-CoV (in 2002) and MERS-CoV (in 2012).33 Phylogenetic classification puts WuRCoP in the subfamily of Coronaviruses named Coronavirinea which belongs to the family of Coronaviridea. Within the subfamily of Coronavirinea, there are 4 genera: Alphacoronaviruses, Betacoronaviruses, Deltacoronaviruses and Gammacoronaviruses. The Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect only mammals while the gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses infect birds, but some of them can also infect mammals.33 The three highly pathogenic coronaviruses, WuRCoP, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, cause severe respiratory syndrome in humans, and the other four human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and HKU1) induce only mild upper respiratory diseases in immunocompetent hosts, although some of them can cause severe infections in infants, young children and elderly individuals.33,34 Many of these viruses have been isolated from bats, pigs and potentially some other animals that serve as reservoir from which spillover or innocuous infection to human population may occur.33We are yet to understand the environmental and genetic permutations that cause the viral mutations that lead to these spillover infections to humans. The 21st Century Pandemic Despite the advances in medical sciences and technology, and at the time of this paper, this virus has caused disease in 210 countries around the world in a very short time making it one of the most widely spread pandemic in the history of man. More widely spread than the Spanish flu of 1920, the Philadelphia Yellow Fever of 1793, the Flu pandemic (1968), the Asian Flu (1956 – 1958), the 6th Cholera pandemic (1910 – 1911), the Russian Flu (1889 – 1890), the “Black Death” Bubonic Plague (1346 – 1359), and the Plague of Justinian (541 – 542).8,9,10 Part of the reason for its wide distribution can be credited to the ease with which people can travel around from place to place. One can say that our human development and technology has worked to the favor this virus. Thus we have amplified viral transmission in the spatial rim, we have become the vehicle through which the virus travels to jump-start another production factory in humans in another part of the world. This is a novel virus indeed. The Summary For a virus that originated from Wuhan (Wu), that causes infection through respiratory pathway and cause respiratory disease (R), comes from the subfamily of Coronavirinea (Co) and spread so fast and so wide around the world in a pandemic (P) fashion; is henceforth named the Wuhan Respiratory Coronavirus Pandemic (WuRCoP or WuCoP) aka COVID-19. Now that we have named the virus clinically and correctly, we have demystified everything about the disease, and therefore we shall proceed with the clinical ways to stop its spread and save lives. Experience from tropical medicine is needed in the fight against WuCoP.   About the Author Remigius Okea, MD MPH, FAAFP, FAAPCR Family and Emergency Medicine physician in Texas, USA Research director at American Academy of Primary Care Research Pioneer Member of the American Society for Nanomedicine Prior to practice in the USA he spent over 10 years working with the United Nations and various non-profit organizations in Africa and South East Asia treating Tropical Diseases.

Distribution of ecto-nucleotidases in mouse sensory circuits suggests roles for nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 in nociception and mechanoreception 1 H. Usman-Vongtau, E. Lavoie, J. Sévigny, D. Moliiver. 1 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ABSTRACT Nucleotide-activated P2X channels and P2Y metabotropic receptors participate in nociceptive signaling. Agonist availability is regulated by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1), -2, -3, and -8, a family of enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular ATP to generate ADP (a P2Y agonist) and AMP. They provide a major source of extracellular AMP, the substrate for adenosine production by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), and thereby regulate adenosine (P1) receptor signaling. NTPDases vary in their efficiency of tri- and diphosphate hydrolysis; therefore, which family members are expressed impacts nucleotide availability and half-life. This study employed enzyme activity histochemistry to examine the distribution of ATPase activity and immunohistochemistry for NTPDase1, 2, 3, and 8 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord. Nucleotidase activity was robust in spinal dorsal horn, confirming that nociceptive pathways are a major site of nucleotide transmission. In DRG, extensive staining revealed ATPase activity in a subset of neurons and in non-neuronal cells. mRNA for NTPDase1-3, but not NTPDase8, was detected in lumbar DRG and spinal cord. Immunoreactivity for NTPDase3 closely matched the distribution of ATPase activity, labeling DRG central projections in the dorsal root and superficial dorsal horn, as well as intrinsic spinal neurons concentrated in lamina II. In DRG, NTPDase3 co-localized with markers of nociceptors and with NT5E. In addition, labeling of a subset of larger-diameter neurons in DRG was consistent with intense staining of Meissner corpuscle afferents in glabrous skin. Merkel cells and terminal Schwann cells of hair follicle afferents were also labeled, but the axons themselves were negative. We propose that NTPDase3 is a key regulator of nociceptive signaling that also makes an unexpected contribution to innocuous tactile sensation.   FULL PAPER AVAILABLE ON REQUEST

UZOIGWE, NDUBUISI RAPHAEL NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR TRYPANOSOMIASIS RESEARCH (NITR)      SOUTH-SOUTH ZONAL OFFICE ASABA, DELTA STATE. ABSTRACT: The objectives of Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) opted by Nigeria for the control of river-blindness is to reduce disease prevalence and intensity to a level where it is no longer a public health problem, and also eliminate transmission. This study was carried out in Wogan a hypoendemic community in Nasarawa State to determine the status of river-blindness transmission by the vector Similium damnosum complex in the community after nine annual treatments with ivermectin. Blackflies of the Genus Simulium damnosum sl were caught by human baits for twelve months within the community. The flies were procedurally dissected to ascertain physiological status, infection rate and anatomical infection with microfilariae, annual biting rate and annual transmission potential based on the infection rate and cephalic infections. The results indicated seasonal biting activity in the area with a peak in September. Out of 514 flies caught, 422 were dissected. 137(32.5%) were parous with 49 (35.7%) infected. Only 8 (5.8%) had cephalic L3 infections. Annual biting rate was 4690 bites/person /year and Annual Transmission Potentials was 153 infective bites/person/year.It is evident from the results that transmission is on-going in the community, an indication that CDTI has not substantially reduced mf in the patients to prevent its transmission. The case is made for integrated chemotherapeutic and vector control for quick elimination of the disease.  Key words: Biting, Simulium damnosum, Microfilariae, Infection, Ivrmectin, Community    

From Bench to clinic and to the community, the quest to conquer tropical diseases and the scholarly role of an ScM.D diplomat. Alphonsus Ekwerike, MD, PhD, ScM.D, PPCR Harvard, Science Medicine Research Institute,USA,American Academy Of Primary Care Research & Tropical Pharmedic Research Institute/ Center,USA. INTRODUCTION: In recent times, scholarly evidence shows that research discipline needs solid trending trace, track s and trails of events, manifestation ,cushioning cautions, conclusive suggestions and inference of every  problematic study as to infer an evidence base solution, principle and practice of  that, as a scientific profession. New disciplines of research practitioners have evolved retraining MDs unto Ph.D  certificants  as academic medical practitioners  & Ph.D bench scientists unto  clinical medicine skills. New  program entrants  are directly trained unto  combined MD,PhD  degrees as to become Clinical Scientists, research physicians or physician scientist. These and more are the scholarly curriculum  & professional responsibility  of an ScM.D diplomat, having  an edge of starting a bench quest, translating it to clinical and community & solidly, trending basic to clinical evidence base step paradigm ,giving collaborators and peer reviewers enough trails of records, data and materials to work with. PROBLEM: Scientific omissions ,time wasting & wide margin  of errors  occurring frequenting  in scientific research  encountered by bench scientists while translating to clinical or from  clinicians  while translating to the community or  from the community  translators  presenting a faulty demographic epidemiology to  bench or clinical researchers. Tropical diseases remained prime infestations because no scholarly  BCC evidence  base step paradigm  training curriculum has been advanced or introduced to third world endemic countries to breed ScM.D research field workers. SOLUTION: This diaphragmatic cycle is a serious bottleneck in research discipline and as such, a postulation of scholarly discipline called Sciencemedicine profession is made to train a single individual from the basic sciences (Mathematics, Biology, Physics, Chemistry and statistics ) to basic medical sciences (Anatomy,Physiology,Biochemistry, microbiology,Forensic science & pathology,etc ), then to para studies / Clinical sciences ( Medicine,Surgery,Physiatry,Pharmacology,Pharmacognosy ,pathophysiology & public health)) and to research oriented  disciplines of  Nanomedicine, space medicine, regenerative medicine, neuroscience to basic and clinical research rotations &  residency cumulating to a five year general research practitioner status and a nine year study for a specialist status of a diplomat  (ScM.D) in Sciencemedicine profession. CONCLUSION: Science Medicine diplomat (ScM.D ) education which is a direct nine years combined basic & clinical  research training  in one step paradigm scholarly curriculum that equals the combined MD/Ph.D degrees acquisition but differs with its broad bench to clinic and community defined evidence linked one step paradigm quest oriented responsibility of its practitioners that are dearly needed to conquer tropical diseases,etc.Third world students and practitioners would benefit immensely from this specialized education to combat diseases and poverty.  

ABSTRACT Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world. This system is most commonly practicing in India especially in southern regions. Siddha medicines become popular nowadays because of various outbreaks of communicable and very infectious diseases like chikungunya, dengue, swine flu etc. These diseases of viral origin are very challenge to the modern world because of lack of ideal anti-viral therapy. Pandemic flu is different from ordinary flu because it’s a new flu virus that appears in humans and spreads very quickly from person to person worldwide. Because it’s a new virus, no one will have immunity to it and everyone could be at risk of catching it. This includes healthy adults as well as older people, young children and those with existing medical conditions. The polyherbal decoction Kapa Sura Kudineer (KSK) is a well-known one in this series next to Nilavembu kudineer (NVK). This KSK is introduced for the prevention and the management of Swine flu. And the people of Tamil Nadu are very attentive about this Siddha drug KSK because to prevent and protect from the deadly life threatening disease, Swine flu. Here, an attempt has been made to review the explored ethno pharmacological activities of the ingredients of KSK to strengthen the scientific facts favoring this formulation. KEYWORDS: Herbal Medicine, Nilavembu, Indian system of Medicine, Kapa.